增材制(zhi)造(zao)(AM)是(shi)一種(zhong)將打印(yin)材料逐(zhu)層添加到產品構(gou)(gou)建中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)制(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),與(yu)傳統制(zhi)造(zao)相比,在(zai)制(zhi)造(zao)復(fu)雜零件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率和(he)響應性(xing)方(fang)面都(dou)具(ju)有(you)顯(xian)著優勢。作為(wei)AM之一,基于噴墨技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直寫3D打印(yin)已經引起了(le)(le)(le)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注(zhu)。支(zhi)鏈淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)和(he)直鏈淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)是(shi)大米淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)顆粒(li)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天然聚合物,在(zai)特定(ding)條件(jian)下(xia)可形成交聯網絡(luo)(luo)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凝(ning)膠(jiao),具(ju)有(you)潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)刷性(xing)能。武漢輕工大學楊柳(liu)副教授(shou)團隊在(zai)《Heliyon》期刊(IF=4)上發表了(le)(le)(le)題目為(wei)“Research on rice starch gel preparation and crosslink network structure-rheological property based on direct-writing 3D printing ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章(zhang)(DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24057),為(wei)大米淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)凝(ning)膠(jiao)用于直寫3D打印(yin)提供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)方(fang)法(fa)和(he)理論指導。文(wen)章(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)一種(zhong)性(xing)能穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水稻(dao)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)凝(ning)膠(jiao)制(zhi)備方(fang)案,并且通過RVA試驗分析了(le)(le)(le)制(zhi)備過程中(zhong)(zhong)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相變機理;在(zai)不(bu)同濃度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)測試了(le)(le)(le)凝(ning)膠(jiao)表面張(zhang)力和(he)接觸(chu)角,建立相關性(xing),反映出(chu)凝(ning)膠(jiao)分子間內聚力和(he)交聯網絡(luo)(luo)之間宏觀(guan)形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭結(jie)果(guo);使用掃描(miao)電鏡揭示不(bu)同淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)分子組分比例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型交聯結(jie)構(gou)(gou),為(wei)淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)凝(ning)膠(jiao)流變性(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化提供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)客(ke)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持。
表1 大米淀(dian)粉制備的所有凝(ning)膠樣品
圖1 大米淀(dian)粉凝膠(jiao)制備(bei)示意圖
文章中(zhong)使用了上海(hai)保圣的流(liu)變儀來測(ce)定(ding)大米淀粉凝膠(jiao)的流(liu)變特性,那么(me)具體(ti)是怎(zen)樣操作的呢?
測試(shi)方(fang)法(fa)及分析(xi)結果
剪(jian)切(qie)強度(du)實驗方(fang)法
本實驗(yan)(yan)使(shi)用(yong)旋轉流變(bian)儀(RH-20;Bosin Tech,上海)來表征制備(bei)的(de)(de)大米淀(dian)粉凝(ning)(ning)膠的(de)(de)力學(xue)性能。在(zai)測(ce)試(shi)前,使(shi)用(yong)直徑為(wei)(wei)50 mm的(de)(de)平行板,將淀(dian)粉凝(ning)(ning)膠放(fang)置在(zai)間(jian)隙為(wei)(wei)1 mm的(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)平臺上。剪切(qie)(qie)速率為(wei)(wei)0.1-100s− 1 ,在(zai)振蕩試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中設置角度(du)頻率為(wei)(wei)1.5-150 rad/s,恒定應變(bian)為(wei)(wei)5%。在(zai)實驗(yan)(yan)過程中,記錄淀(dian)粉凝(ning)(ning)膠的(de)(de)動態粘度(du)η和剪切(qie)(qie)模量G,分析出凝(ning)(ning)膠內物理交聯網絡的(de)(de)力學(xue)性能。使(shi)用(yong)公式(1)計算淀(dian)粉凝(ning)(ning)膠剪切(qie)(qie)模量。
τ. γ-1 (1)
其中,G為大米淀粉凝膠的剪切(qie)模(mo)量(liang),τ為交聯(lian)結構斷裂時的剪切(qie)應力(li),γ為剪切(qie)應變。
流動特性實(shi)驗方法(fa)
動態粘度是(shi)流體和粘彈性材料的(de)(de)固有(you)特性,它是(shi)由(you)材料內部的(de)(de)分子間力和交聯(lian)網絡結構共同(tong)決(jue)定的(de)(de)。一(yi)維定向流動中的(de)(de)粘度變化用冪律方程(2)描述。
η = k.δn (2)
其中(zhong),η為凝(ning)膠(jiao)動態粘度(du),k為稠度(du)系數(shu)(k越大粘度(du)越高),n為非牛頓指(zhi)數(shu),反映凝(ning)膠(jiao)破碎后交(jiao)聯網絡在(zai)內(nei)部(bu)的重組能力。
結果(guo)分析
剪切強度實(shi)驗(yan)結果
圖(tu)2 (A)濃度對大(da)米淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)凝膠剪(jian)切模量(liang)的影響(xiang);(B)溶劑中淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)分子組成(cheng)比例(支(zhi)鏈(lian)淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)和直鏈(lian)淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen))
圖2A表(biao)明濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)對(dui)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)剪切(qie)模量(liang)有影響(xiang)(xiang),并且粳(jing)(jing)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)及秈(xian)(xian)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)剪切(qie)模量(liang)與淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)呈(cheng)正相關(guan)(guan)。糯(nuo)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)剪切(qie)模量(liang)不(bu)隨著淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)而(er)變化(hua),說明凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)剛性受溶液中淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)比(bi)例(li)的(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)。當淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)4%和8%時,交(jiao)聯(lian)網(wang)絡結構在凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)內部未完全形成(cheng)。三種(zhong)大(da)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)力(li)學性能主要受水(shui)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)間(jian)的(de)內聚力(li)影響(xiang)(xiang),其剛性變化(hua)不(bu)大(da)。淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)12%時,凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)內部形成(cheng)基本交(jiao)聯(lian)網(wang)絡,剪切(qie)模量(liang)開(kai)始發生(sheng)本質(zhi)變化(hua)。由(you)于淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)比(bi)例(li)相近(jin),粳(jing)(jing)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)和秈(xian)(xian)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)剪切(qie)模量(liang)發生(sheng)顯著變化(hua),淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)從16%增(zeng)加(jia)到20%,粳(jing)(jing)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)和秈(xian)(xian)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)剪切(qie)模量(liang)逐漸(jian)增(zeng)大(da),模量(liang)差穩定表(biao)明在特(te)定淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)比(bi)例(li)下,凝(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(jiao)硬(ying)度(du)與淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)呈(cheng)正相關(guan)(guan)關(guan)(guan)系(糯(nuo)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)比(bi)例(li)不(bu)符合(he)相關(guan)(guan)性)。
流(liu)動特性實驗結果
圖3 剪切速率(lv)對不(bu)同淀粉濃度下(A)粳稻凝膠、(B)糯(nuo)米凝膠、(C)秈稻凝膠三種凝膠動態粘(zhan)度的影響;(D)淀粉濃度對三種大(da)米淀粉凝膠最(zui)大(da)動態粘(zhan)度的影響。
圖(tu)3A-C顯示了不同淀(dian)粉(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剪切(qie)速率(lv)對三(san)(san)種(zhong)水稻(dao)淀(dian)粉(fen)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)動(dong)態粘(zhan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。結(jie)(jie)果(guo)表明(ming)(ming),在(zai)所有濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)(xia),三(san)(san)種(zhong)淀(dian)粉(fen)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)粘(zhan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)變(bian)化與假(jia)塑性(xing)流體性(xing)質(zhi)一(yi)致,呈現出剪切(qie)變(bian)薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質(zhi),在(zai)8%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)(xia),由(you)于(yu)未形成(cheng)內(nei)部交聯網絡,粳(jing)(jing)稻(dao)和秈(xian)稻(dao)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態粘(zhan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)迅速下(xia)(xia)降。如(ru)圖(tu)3A所示,隨(sui)著淀(dian)粉(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia),在(zai)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剪切(qie)速率(lv)下(xia)(xia),凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態粘(zhan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。一(yi)致性(xing)系數由(you)4.9增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到5.6。這(zhe)表明(ming)(ming),隨(sui)著淀(dian)粉(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)會(hui)降低(di)淀(dian)粉(fen)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)性(xing)。20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)非牛(niu)頓(dun)指(zhi)數為-0.07,小(xiao)于(yu)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)16 %,表明(ming)(ming)在(zai)淀(dian)粉(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)20%下(xia)(xia)粳(jing)(jing)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)高粘(zhan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。它具(ju)(ju)有在(zai)交聯網絡結(jie)(jie)構斷裂后快速重(zhong)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力,在(zai)直寫3D打(da)印(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可打(da)印(yin)油墨方面具(ju)(ju)有突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如(ru)圖(tu)3C所示秈(xian)稻(dao)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態粘(zhan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)變(bian)化規律與粳(jing)(jing)稻(dao)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)相似(si),稠度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)系數基(ji)數相同(從4到5.6),說明(ming)(ming)淀(dian)粉(fen)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)稠度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)系數與溶液中淀(dian)粉(fen)分子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例存(cun)在(zai)相關(guan)(guan)性(xing)。結(jie)(jie)果(guo)表明(ming)(ming),在(zai)20%濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)(xia),秈(xian)稻(dao)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)非牛(niu)頓(dun)指(zhi)數大于(yu)粳(jing)(jing)稻(dao)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)(-0.06>-0.07),具(ju)(ju)有較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)組能(neng)力。如(ru)圖(tu)3B所示,隨(sui)著淀(dian)粉(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia),凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)稠度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)系數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)大范圍明(ming)(ming)顯較小(xiao)(從4.3到5.1),其非牛(niu)頓(dun)指(zhi)數逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(從-0.09增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到-0.06),表明(ming)(ming)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)組能(neng)力與淀(dian)粉(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)呈負相關(guan)(guan),這(zhe)在(zai)直接寫3D打(da)印(yin)中需要避(bi)免(mian)。
圖(tu)3D顯示了淀粉濃度對(dui)三種水稻(dao)淀粉凝(ning)膠最大動態(tai)(tai)粘(zhan)度的(de)影響,反映(ying)了零剪(jian)應力下的(de)凝(ning)膠粘(zhan)度。試驗(yan)結(jie)果表(biao)明,凝(ning)膠的(de)最大動態(tai)(tai)粘(zhan)度與淀粉濃度呈(cheng)正相關。粳稻(dao)凝(ning)膠與秈(xian)稻(dao)凝(ning)膠的(de)相關系(xi)數均大于糯稻(dao)凝(ning)膠。
以上結(jie)果(guo)表明,凝膠在(zai)濃度(du)(du)為12%時(shi)形(xing)成內(nei)部交聯(lian)(lian)網絡(luo),直鏈淀(dian)(dian)粉濃度(du)(du)為4.475%的(de)(de)凝膠具有較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)打(da)印(yin)精度(du)(du)。凝膠剪切模量與(yu)直鏈淀(dian)(dian)粉比例(li)呈正(zheng)相(xiang)關。20%以下的(de)(de)粳(jing)稻凝膠具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)粘(zhan)度(du)(du)和內(nei)部交聯(lian)(lian)網絡(luo)斷裂后的(de)(de)快速重(zhong)組能力,最(zui)大(da)(da)動(dong)態粘(zhan)度(du)(du)與(yu)淀(dian)(dian)粉濃度(du)(du)呈正(zheng)相(xiang)關。此研(yan)究為大(da)(da)米淀(dian)(dian)粉材料在(zai)直接(jie)3D打(da)印(yin)中的(de)(de)應用(yong)提供了理論(lun)和實(shi)踐支持。